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Navigation:
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Pilotage:
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- navigating
by reference to visible landmarks or checkpoints
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- requires relatively
low altitudes so that landmarks can be seen
and recognized more easily
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- advantages:
relatively easy to perform and does not require
special equipment
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- disadvantages:
direct course is often impractical
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Dead Reckoning:
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- navigation
by means of computations based on airspeed,
course, heading, wind direction and speed, ground
speed, and elapsed time.
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- advantages:
straighter line courses possible
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- disadvantages:
requires calculations prior to flight and weather
and weather forecast change
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Radio Navigation
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- VORs
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- GPS
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Usually, a course
is determined and flown by calculations made
from dead reckoning, and then backed up by pilotage
and radio aids during the flight.
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