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Ground School Subject Areas & Tests:
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Any Questions...
Call 631-807-1373.
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Aerodynamics - Four Forces
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Understanding
how these forces work and knowing
how to control them with the
use of power and flight controls
are essential to flight.
In steady flight, the sum of
these opposing forces
is always zero.
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Lift
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Lift is a force
that is produced by the dynamic effect of the
air acting on the airfoil, and acts perpendicular
to the flight path through the center of lift
(CL) and perpendicular to the lateral axis.
In level flight, lift opposes the downward force
of weight.
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Production
of Lift
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A wing moving
through air generates the force called lift.
Lift from the wing that is greater than the
force of gravity, directed opposite to the direction
of gravity, enables an aircraft to fly. Generating
this force called lift is based on some important
principles, Newton's basic laws of motion, and
Bernoulli's principle of differential pressure.
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Newton's Three Basic Laws of Motion
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Newton's
First Law:
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"Every object
persists in its state of rest or uniform motion
in a straight line unless it is compelled to
change that state by forces impressed on it."
This means that nothing starts or stops moving
until some outside force causes it to do so.
An aircraft at
rest on the ramp remains at rest unless a force
strong enough to overcome its inertia is applied.
Once it is moving, its inertia keeps it moving,
subject to the various other forces acting on
it. These forces may add to its motion, slow
it down, or change its direction.
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Newton's
Second Law:
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"Force is
equal to the change in momentum per change in
time. For a constant mass, force equals mass
times acceleration."
When a body is acted upon by a constant force,
its resulting acceleration is inversely proportional
to the mass of the body and is directly proportional
to the applied force.
This takes into
account the factors involved in overcoming Newton's
First Law. It covers both changes in direction
and speed, including starting up from rest (positive
acceleration) and coming to a stop (negative
acceleration or deceleration).
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Newton's
Third Law:
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"For every
action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."
In an airplane, the propeller moves and pushes
back the air; consequently, the air pushes the
propeller (and thus the airplane) in the opposite
direction-forward.
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Bernoulli's Principle of Differential Pressure
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Bernoulli's Principle
states that as the velocity of a moving fluid
(liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within
the fluid decreases.
This principle
explains what happens to air passing over the
curved top of the airplane wing.
A practical application of Bernoulli's Principle
is the venturi tube. The venturi tube has an
air inlet that narrows to a throat (constricted
point) and an outlet section that increases
in diameter toward the rear. The diameter of
the outlet is the same as that of the inlet.
The mass of air entering the tube must exactly
equal the mass exiting the tube. At the constriction,
the speed must increase to allow the same amount
of air to pass in the same amount of time as
in all other parts of the tube. When the air
speeds up, the pressure also decreases.
Since air is recognized as a body, and it is
understood that air will follow the above laws,
one can begin to see how and why an airplane
wing develops lift.
As the wing moves through the air, the flow
of air across the curved top surface increases
in velocity creating a low-pressure area.
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Airfoil
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Any object that
interacts with a moving stream of air to generate
lift.
Examples - wing, propeller, vertical stabilizer,
etc.
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Leading
edge - the part of the airfoil
which meets the airflow first
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Trailing
Edge - the portion of the airfoil
where the airflow over the upper
surface rejoins the lower surface
airflow
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Chord
Line - a straight line drawn
through the airfoil from the
leading edge to the trailing
edge
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Camber
- curve of the airfoil's upper
and lower surfaces
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Mean
Camber - the mean line which
is equidistant at all points
between upper & lower surfaces
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Angle
of Incidence - Angle between
the chord line of the wing and
the aircraft's longitudinal
axis
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Other Key
Terms:
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Upwash - deflection
of the oncoming air stream upward and over the
wing
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Downwash - deflection
of the air stream as it passes over the wing
and past the trailing edge
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Relative Wind
- airflow that is parallel to and opposite the
flight path of the airplane
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Angle of Attack
- angle between the chord line of the airfoil
and the direction of the relative wind
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· Coefficient
of Lift - CL a way to measure lift as it relates
to angle of attack - every airplane has an angle
of attack where maximum lift occurs Þ
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