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Airplanes - Aircraft Systems
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Powerplant
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Reciprocating
Engines (page 7-2)
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Propeller (page
7-4)
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Fixed-Pitch Propeller
(page 7-7)
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Adjustable-Pitch
Propeller (page 7-7)
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Induction
Systems
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Carburetor Systems
(page 7-8)
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Carburetor Icing
(page 7-9)
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Mixture Control
(page 7-9)
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Carburetor Heat
(page 7-10)
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Fuel Injection
Systems (page 7-11)
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Ignition System
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Provides a spark
that ignites the fuel-air mixture in the cylinders
and is made up of magnetos, spark plugs, high-tension
leads, and an ignition switch. (page 7-15)
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Oil Systems
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The engine oil
system performs several important functions:
(page 7-16)
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Lubrication of
the engine’s moving parts
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Cooling of the
engine by reducing friction
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Removing heat
from the cylinders
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Providing a seal
between the cylinder walls and pistons
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Carrying away
contaminants
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Engine Cooling
System
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The burning fuel
within the cylinders produces intense heat,
most of which is expelled through the exhaust
system. Much of the remaining heat, however,
must be removed, or at least dissipated, to
prevent the engine from overheating. Otherwise,
the extremely high engine temperatures can lead
to loss of power, excessive oil consumption,
detonation, and serious engine damage. (page
7-16)
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Exhaust System
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Engine exhaust
systems vent the burned combustion gases overboard,
provide heat for the cabin, and defrost the
windscreen. An exhaust system has exhaust piping
attached to the cylinders, as well as a muffler
and a muffler shroud. The exhaust gases are
pushed out of the cylinder through the exhaust
valve and then through the exhaust pipe system
to the atmosphere. (page 7-18)
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Starting System
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Most small aircraft
use a direct-cranking electric starter system.
This system consists of a source of electricity,
wiring, switches, and solenoids to operate the
starter and a starter motor. Most aircraft have
starters that automatically engage and disengage
when operated, but some older aircraft have
starters that are mechanically engaged by a
lever actuated by the pilot. The starter engages
the aircraft flywheel, rotating the engine at
a speed that allows the engine to start and
maintain operation. (page 7-18)
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Combustion
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During normal
combustion, the fuel-air mixture burns in a
very controlled and predictable manner. In a
spark ignition engine, the process occurs in
a fraction of a second. The mixture actually
begins to burn at the point where it is ignited
by the spark plugs. It then burns away from
the plugs until it is completely consumed. This
type of combustion causes a smooth build-up
of temperature and pressure and ensures that
the expanding gases deliver the maximum force
to the piston at exactly the right time in the
power stroke. [Figure 7-21]Detonation is an
uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel-air
mixture within the cylinder’s combustion
chamber. It causes excessive temperatures and
pressures which, if not corrected, can quickly
lead to failure of the piston, cylinder, or
valves. In less severe cases, detonation causes
engine overheating, roughness, or loss of power.
(page 7-18)
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Fuel Systems
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The fuel system
is designed to provide an uninterrupted flow
of clean fuel from the fuel tanks to the engine.
The fuel must be available to the engine under
all conditions of engine power, altitude, attitude,
and during all approved flight maneuvers. Two
common classifications apply to fuel systems
in small aircraft: gravity-feed and fuel-pump
systems. (page 7-25)
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Gravity-Feed
System
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Fuel-Pump System
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Fuel Primer
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Fuel Tanks
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Fuel Gauges
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Fuel Selectors
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Fuel Strainers,
Sumps, and Drains
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Fuel Grades
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Fuel Contamination
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Fuel System Icing
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Refueling Procedures
(page 7-29)
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Heating Systems
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There are many
different types of aircraft heating systems
that are available depending on the type of
aircraft. Regardless of which type or the safety
features that accompany them, it is always important
to reference the specific aircraft operator’s
manual and become knowledgeable about the heating
system. Each has different repair and inspection
criteria that should be precisely followed..
(page 7-29)
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Fuel Fired Heaters
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Exhaust Heating
Systems
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Combustion Heater
Systems
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Bleed Air Heating
Systems
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Electrical
Systems
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Most aircraft
are equipped with either a 14- or a 28-volt
direct current (DC) electrical system.
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basic aircraft electrical
system consists of the following
components: (page 7-30)
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Alternator/generator
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Battery
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Master/battery
switch
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Alternator/generator
switch
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Bus
bar, fuses, and circuit breakers
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Voltage
regulator
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Ammeter/loadmeter
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Associated
electrical wiring
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The
electrical system is turned
on or off with a master switch.
Turning the master switch
to the ON position provides
electrical energy to all the
electrical equipment circuits
except the ignition system.
Equipment that commonly uses
the electrical system for
its source of energy includes:
(page 7-30)
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Position
lights
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Anticollision
lights
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Landing
lights
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Taxi
lights
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Interior
cabin lights
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Instrument
lights
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Radio
equipment
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Turn
indicator
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Fuel
gauges
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Electric
fuel pump (not in most high-wing
airplanes)
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Stall
warning system (some aircraft)
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Pitot
heat
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Starting
motor
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Hydraulic
Systems
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There are multiple
applications for hydraulic use in aircraft,
depending on the complexity of the aircraft.
For example, a hydraulic system is often used
on small airplanes to operate wheel brakes,
retractable landing gear, and some constant-speed
propellers. (page 7-31)
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Landing Gear
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Tricycle Landing
Gear
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Tailwheel Landing
Gear
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Fixed and Retractable
Landing Gear
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Brakes
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Anti-Ice and
Deice Systems
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Anti-icing equipment
is designed to prevent the formation of ice,
while deicing equipment is designed to remove
ice once it has formed. These systems protect
the leading edge of wing and tail surfaces,
pitot and static port openings, fuel tank vents,
stall warning devices, windshields, and propeller
blades.(page 7-40)
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Airfoil Anti-Ice
and Deice
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Windscreen Anti-Ice
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Propeller Anti-Ice
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Other Anti-Ice
and Deice Systems
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